IMP: Integrative Multi-species Prediction

Drosophila melanogaster

42 known processes

Cg25C (Dmel_CG4145)

Collagen type IV

(Aliases: Dcg1,DCg1,gp125,Coll IV,Cgc25,CG4145,alpha(IV)1/Cg25C,Cgc25C,CG25C,Coll,Dmel\CG4145,alpha1,Dcg,CT12803)

Entrez: 33727
FLYBASE: FBgn0000299
UniProtKB: P08120

Process Predictions
Disease Predictions

Cg25C biological process predictions

Show only novel predictionsHighlight processes of functional analogs

Filter by process size:

Biological process	GO term ID	Process size	Probability	Func Analog Org
anterior malpighian tubule development	GO:0061327	12	0.984	Fly
extracellular structure organization	GO:0043062	46	0.942	Human Mouse Worm
striated muscle cell differentiation	GO:0051146	90	0.876
muscle attachment	GO:0016203	36	0.772
actin filament based process	GO:0030029	220	0.700
positive regulation of protein secretion	GO:0050714	9	0.652	Worm
striated muscle cell development	GO:0055002	50	0.562
kidney development	GO:0001822	3	0.559	Human Mouse
regulation of developmental growth	GO:0048638	174	0.526	Worm
positive regulation of developmental growth	GO:0048639	62	0.507	Worm
response to abiotic stimulus	GO:0009628	341	0.440
skeletal muscle organ development	GO:0060538	48	0.372	Fly
growth	GO:0040007	359	0.371	Worm
camera type eye development	GO:0043010	4	0.365	Human
cell substrate adhesion	GO:0031589	10	0.363
tube development	GO:0035295	244	0.347
imaginal disc derived wing morphogenesis	GO:0007476	337	0.340
connective tissue development	GO:0061448	3	0.319
positive regulation of developmental process	GO:0051094	143	0.316	Worm
basement membrane organization	GO:0071711	10	0.306	Human
muscle cell development	GO:0055001	50	0.299
appendage morphogenesis	GO:0035107	397	0.297
cellular response to growth factor stimulus	GO:0071363	30	0.287	Mouse
developmental growth	GO:0048589	280	0.284	Worm
wing disc morphogenesis	GO:0007472	344	0.283
positive regulation of growth	GO:0045927	75	0.277	Worm
circulatory system development	GO:0072359	82	0.276
vesicle mediated transport	GO:0016192	381	0.255	Worm
imaginal disc derived appendage development	GO:0048737	399	0.244
synapse organization	GO:0050808	196	0.230	Mouse
muscle cell differentiation	GO:0042692	103	0.221
positive regulation of multicellular organism growth	GO:0040018	21	0.218	Worm
regulation of protein secretion	GO:0050708	13	0.210	Worm
substrate adhesion dependent cell spreading	GO:0034446	2	0.208
cellular response to organic substance	GO:0071310	132	0.205	Mouse
extracellular matrix organization	GO:0030198	32	0.203	Human Mouse Worm
renal tubule development	GO:0061326	64	0.202	Human Fly
regulation of neurogenesis	GO:0050767	158	0.189
imaginal disc derived appendage morphogenesis	GO:0035114	395	0.188
regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis	GO:0022603	242	0.179	Human Mouse
antimicrobial humoral response	GO:0019730	99	0.171
body morphogenesis	GO:0010171	2	0.169
protein complex biogenesis	GO:0070271	201	0.165
multi organism reproductive behavior	GO:0044705	121	0.158
tissue morphogenesis	GO:0048729	297	0.155	Human Fly
muscle organ development	GO:0007517	127	0.154	Worm Fly
chemotaxis	GO:0006935	249	0.154
negative regulation of multicellular organismal process	GO:0051241	142	0.153	Human Mouse
cell migration	GO:0016477	238	0.150	Worm
regulation of multicellular organismal development	GO:2000026	414	0.140	Human Mouse
regulation of cell development	GO:0060284	215	0.137
endocytosis	GO:0006897	310	0.135	Worm
reproductive behavior	GO:0019098	122	0.134
actin cytoskeleton organization	GO:0030036	206	0.134
response to growth factor	GO:0070848	31	0.131	Mouse
response to endogenous stimulus	GO:0009719	119	0.125	Mouse
immune response	GO:0006955	246	0.123
heart development	GO:0007507	82	0.120
actomyosin structure organization	GO:0031032	56	0.119
cellular response to chemical stimulus	GO:0070887	199	0.118	Mouse
heart process	GO:0003015	37	0.117
muscle structure development	GO:0061061	224	0.114
malpighian tubule morphogenesis	GO:0007443	44	0.108	Fly
reproductive structure development	GO:0048608	74	0.102
cellular response to acid chemical	GO:0071229	8	0.097	Mouse
regulation of epithelial cell proliferation	GO:0050678	4	0.096
neuron projection guidance	GO:0097485	241	0.095
detection of external stimulus	GO:0009581	66	0.094
regulation of neuron projection development	GO:0010975	69	0.094
retina development in camera type eye	GO:0060041	4	0.091	Human
extracellular matrix assembly	GO:0085029	13	0.091
neuromuscular junction development	GO:0007528	149	0.088	Mouse
muscle tissue morphogenesis	GO:0060415	2	0.087
response to acid chemical	GO:0001101	25	0.085	Mouse
urogenital system development	GO:0001655	72	0.081	Human Mouse Fly
cellular protein complex assembly	GO:0043623	71	0.079
humoral immune response	GO:0006959	117	0.079
taxis	GO:0042330	304	0.077
ion transport	GO:0006811	145	0.077
striated muscle myosin thick filament assembly	GO:0071688	3	0.074
peptidyl amino acid modification	GO:0018193	105	0.074
determination of adult lifespan	GO:0008340	137	0.074
cellular response to amino acid stimulus	GO:0071230	6	0.074	Mouse
regulation of catalytic activity	GO:0050790	185	0.072
cellular response to endogenous stimulus	GO:0071495	80	0.071	Mouse
detection of visible light	GO:0009584	38	0.067
cellular amine metabolic process	GO:0044106	12	0.065
regulation of growth	GO:0040008	233	0.065	Worm
appendage development	GO:0048736	401	0.063
eye morphogenesis	GO:0048592	260	0.063
actin filament organization	GO:0007015	126	0.063
sensory organ morphogenesis	GO:0090596	260	0.062
ion transmembrane transport	GO:0034220	122	0.061
heart contraction	GO:0060047	26	0.061
circadian rhythm	GO:0007623	105	0.060
chromosome segregation	GO:0007059	157	0.059
small molecule metabolic process	GO:0044281	305	0.058
muscle tissue development	GO:0060537	30	0.058
organ growth	GO:0035265	56	0.058
cellular catabolic process	GO:0044248	372	0.057
regulation of molecular function	GO:0065009	217	0.057
cell motility	GO:0048870	251	0.056	Worm
detection of light stimulus	GO:0009583	58	0.056
mesenchymal cell differentiation	GO:0048762	1	0.055
positive regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process	GO:0045764	0	0.055
axon guidance	GO:0007411	233	0.055
regulation of multicellular organism growth	GO:0040014	40	0.055	Worm
macromolecular complex assembly	GO:0065003	256	0.055
striated muscle tissue development	GO:0014706	27	0.054
response to biotic stimulus	GO:0009607	294	0.054
digestive tract development	GO:0048565	149	0.053	Human Fly
single organism catabolic process	GO:0044712	228	0.053
response to light stimulus	GO:0009416	124	0.051
protein complex assembly	GO:0006461	200	0.051
positive regulation of protein transport	GO:0051222	37	0.049	Worm
circadian sleep wake cycle	GO:0042745	28	0.049
epidermis development	GO:0008544	65	0.047
digestive tract morphogenesis	GO:0048546	127	0.046	Human Fly
skeletal muscle fiber development	GO:0048741	3	0.046
regulation of hydrolase activity	GO:0051336	97	0.046
defense response	GO:0006952	300	0.046
multicellular organismal reproductive behavior	GO:0033057	110	0.045
positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process	GO:0045937	139	0.044
renal tubule morphogenesis	GO:0061333	44	0.044	Human Fly
positive regulation of secretion by cell	GO:1903532	20	0.043	Worm
optokinetic behavior	GO:0007634	3	0.042
endomembrane system organization	GO:0010256	119	0.042
response to wounding	GO:0009611	94	0.042
post embryonic appendage morphogenesis	GO:0035120	385	0.042
response to radiation	GO:0009314	155	0.041
organonitrogen compound metabolic process	GO:1901564	318	0.041
response to hypoxia	GO:0001666	53	0.041
phagocytosis	GO:0006909	215	0.041
nucleobase containing small molecule metabolic process	GO:0055086	174	0.040
cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis	GO:0010927	151	0.040
regulation of cellular catabolic process	GO:0031329	157	0.040
response to hexose	GO:0009746	3	0.039
cell cycle arrest	GO:0007050	4	0.038
amine metabolic process	GO:0009308	12	0.038
mesoderm development	GO:0007498	78	0.038
skeletal muscle tissue development	GO:0007519	13	0.037	Fly
detection of abiotic stimulus	GO:0009582	66	0.037
cell adhesion mediated by integrin	GO:0033627	12	0.036
mesenchymal cell development	GO:0014031	1	0.036
organelle assembly	GO:0070925	198	0.036
axon development	GO:0061564	297	0.036
multi multicellular organism process	GO:0044706	123	0.036
cell proliferation	GO:0008283	299	0.036
metal ion transport	GO:0030001	74	0.035
cellular response to organonitrogen compound	GO:0071417	36	0.035	Mouse
nucleoside metabolic process	GO:0009116	127	0.035
myofibril assembly	GO:0030239	36	0.035
axonogenesis	GO:0007409	290	0.034
response to organic cyclic compound	GO:0014070	89	0.034
cellular macromolecular complex assembly	GO:0034622	153	0.034
reactive oxygen species metabolic process	GO:0072593	22	0.034
positive regulation of multicellular organismal process	GO:0051240	143	0.033	Worm
response to metal ion	GO:0010038	23	0.033
establishment of localization in cell	GO:0051649	402	0.033	Worm
defense response to gram negative bacterium	GO:0050829	94	0.033
embryonic organ development	GO:0048568	50	0.033
regulation of multi organism process	GO:0043900	131	0.032
tube morphogenesis	GO:0035239	191	0.032
purine nucleotide metabolic process	GO:0006163	146	0.032
heterotypic cell cell adhesion	GO:0034113	1	0.031
ribonucleotide metabolic process	GO:0009259	145	0.030
regulation of heart contraction	GO:0008016	21	0.030
response to nitrogen compound	GO:1901698	90	0.029	Mouse
positive regulation of molecular function	GO:0044093	136	0.029
gland development	GO:0048732	191	0.029
regulation of cell adhesion	GO:0030155	27	0.029
regulation of actin filament based process	GO:0032970	42	0.028
sensory perception of pain	GO:0019233	4	0.028
secretion	GO:0046903	109	0.028	Worm
regulation of protein transport	GO:0051223	57	0.028	Worm
sarcomere organization	GO:0045214	26	0.028
cellular response to nitrogen compound	GO:1901699	51	0.028	Mouse
regulation of neuron differentiation	GO:0045664	103	0.028
torso signaling pathway	GO:0008293	21	0.027
nuclear division	GO:0000280	332	0.027
regulation of reproductive process	GO:2000241	54	0.027
positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process	GO:0051173	354	0.026
regulation of locomotion	GO:0040012	42	0.026
positive regulation of rna biosynthetic process	GO:1902680	266	0.026
atp metabolic process	GO:0046034	49	0.026
response to decreased oxygen levels	GO:0036293	58	0.026
regulation of nervous system development	GO:0051960	248	0.026
carboxylic acid metabolic process	GO:0019752	92	0.025
negative regulation of developmental process	GO:0051093	201	0.025	Human Mouse
detection of light stimulus involved in sensory perception	GO:0050962	9	0.025
regulation of transport	GO:0051049	181	0.025	Worm
response to lipopolysaccharide	GO:0032496	4	0.025
multi organism behavior	GO:0051705	175	0.025
lipid storage	GO:0019915	38	0.025
sensory perception	GO:0007600	196	0.025
regulation of cytoskeleton organization	GO:0051493	89	0.024
regulation of organelle organization	GO:0033043	196	0.024
hindgut morphogenesis	GO:0007442	58	0.024	Fly
response to organophosphorus	GO:0046683	2	0.024
terminal region determination	GO:0007362	25	0.024
positive regulation of signaling	GO:0023056	243	0.024
positive regulation of biosynthetic process	GO:0009891	316	0.024
response to anesthetic	GO:0072347	9	0.024
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	GO:0097191	1	0.024
organic substance catabolic process	GO:1901575	308	0.024
oviposition	GO:0018991	19	0.024
purine containing compound metabolic process	GO:0072521	155	0.024
digestive system development	GO:0055123	149	0.023	Human Fly
positive regulation of signal transduction	GO:0009967	223	0.023
protein modification process	GO:0036211	438	0.023
cell adhesion	GO:0007155	136	0.023
myotube cell development	GO:0014904	3	0.023
proteolysis	GO:0006508	192	0.023
embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching	GO:0009792	152	0.023	Worm
regulation of cellular localization	GO:0060341	136	0.023	Worm
positive regulation of catalytic activity	GO:0043085	118	0.023
homeostatic process	GO:0042592	199	0.023
tripartite regional subdivision	GO:0007351	103	0.022
actin filament based movement	GO:0030048	26	0.022
secondary metabolic process	GO:0019748	75	0.022
response to other organism	GO:0051707	293	0.022
positive regulation of cellular amine metabolic process	GO:0033240	0	0.022
gene silencing	GO:0016458	138	0.022
positive regulation of peptidyl tyrosine phosphorylation	GO:0050731	4	0.021
spermatogenesis	GO:0007283	200	0.021
regulation of secretion	GO:0051046	44	0.021	Worm
motor neuron axon guidance	GO:0008045	58	0.021
eye development	GO:0001654	323	0.021	Human
cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus	GO:0071560	18	0.020	Mouse
defense response to bacterium	GO:0042742	178	0.020
regulation of cell substrate adhesion	GO:0010810	2	0.020
positive regulation of cellular amide metabolic process	GO:0034250	26	0.020
cellular homeostasis	GO:0019725	80	0.020
determination of muscle attachment site	GO:0016204	7	0.020
axonal defasciculation	GO:0007414	12	0.019
ribose phosphate metabolic process	GO:0019693	145	0.019
glycosyl compound catabolic process	GO:1901658	112	0.019
larval development	GO:0002164	104	0.019	Worm
cell junction organization	GO:0034330	57	0.019
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction	GO:1902533	116	0.019
regionalization	GO:0003002	416	0.019
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation	GO:0050680	4	0.019
heart morphogenesis	GO:0003007	32	0.019
chemical homeostasis	GO:0048878	92	0.019
innate immune response	GO:0045087	144	0.019
positive regulation of defense response	GO:0031349	59	0.019
purine ribonucleotide metabolic process	GO:0009150	145	0.019
organic substance transport	GO:0071702	257	0.018	Worm
immune system process	GO:0002376	347	0.018
response to inorganic substance	GO:0010035	44	0.018
hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development	GO:0048534	57	0.018
regulation of circadian rhythm	GO:0042752	49	0.018
regulation of cell projection organization	GO:0031344	92	0.018
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition	GO:1901990	130	0.018
regulation of protein metabolic process	GO:0051246	256	0.018
purine ribonucleoside metabolic process	GO:0046128	127	0.017
neurological system process	GO:0050877	358	0.017
microtubule organizing center organization	GO:0031023	168	0.017
positive regulation of transport	GO:0051050	92	0.017	Worm
protein depolymerization	GO:0051261	31	0.017
extracellular matrix disassembly	GO:0022617	4	0.017
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization	GO:0032956	42	0.017
cellular ketone metabolic process	GO:0042180	24	0.017
positive regulation of secretion	GO:0051047	22	0.017	Worm
response to alcohol	GO:0097305	95	0.017
regulation of synapse assembly	GO:0051963	94	0.017
cellular protein modification process	GO:0006464	438	0.016
positive regulation of programmed cell death	GO:0043068	62	0.016
response to oxygen levels	GO:0070482	59	0.016
neuroblast fate determination	GO:0007400	12	0.016
regulation of dendrite morphogenesis	GO:0048814	28	0.016
muscle organ morphogenesis	GO:0048644	7	0.016
positive regulation of mapk cascade	GO:0043410	63	0.016
protein polymerization	GO:0051258	42	0.016
response to ecdysone	GO:0035075	34	0.016
catabolic process	GO:0009056	409	0.016
enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway	GO:0007167	179	0.016
imaginal disc derived wing margin morphogenesis	GO:0008587	41	0.016
neurotransmitter metabolic process	GO:0042133	2	0.015
ribonucleoside metabolic process	GO:0009119	127	0.015
single organism cell adhesion	GO:0098602	47	0.015
oxoacid metabolic process	GO:0043436	103	0.015
regulation of establishment of protein localization	GO:0070201	61	0.015	Worm
signal transduction by phosphorylation	GO:0023014	107	0.015
positive regulation of cell death	GO:0010942	69	0.015
actin filament polymerization	GO:0030041	27	0.015
regulation of cellular component biogenesis	GO:0044087	201	0.015
phototaxis	GO:0042331	21	0.015
regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process	GO:0006521	0	0.015
regulation of stem cell differentiation	GO:2000736	14	0.015
neuron recognition	GO:0008038	101	0.015
regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation	GO:0010769	61	0.015
positive regulation of cell motility	GO:2000147	3	0.015
regulation of cardioblast differentiation	GO:0051890	9	0.014
production of molecular mediator of immune response	GO:0002440	46	0.014
negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process	GO:0010558	270	0.014
regulation of localization	GO:0032879	275	0.014	Worm
larval somatic muscle development	GO:0007526	19	0.014
positive regulation of nucleotide catabolic process	GO:0030813	46	0.014
regulation of cell morphogenesis	GO:0022604	163	0.014
anatomical structure homeostasis	GO:0060249	97	0.014
embryonic morphogenesis	GO:0048598	206	0.014	Human Fly
response to organic substance	GO:0010033	284	0.014	Mouse
male gamete generation	GO:0048232	201	0.014
plasma membrane organization	GO:0007009	26	0.014
nucleoside catabolic process	GO:0009164	112	0.014
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus	GO:0042307	21	0.013
positive regulation of cell proliferation	GO:0008284	47	0.013
cell division	GO:0051301	248	0.013
positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis	GO:0044089	80	0.013
zygotic determination of anterior posterior axis embryo	GO:0007354	27	0.013
response to sterol	GO:0036314	34	0.013
action potential	GO:0001508	13	0.013
protein catabolic process	GO:0030163	101	0.013
negative regulation of cell differentiation	GO:0045596	143	0.013
divalent metal ion transport	GO:0070838	26	0.013
macromolecule catabolic process	GO:0009057	161	0.013
mitotic nuclear division	GO:0007067	213	0.013
regulation of cellular amine metabolic process	GO:0033238	3	0.013
positive regulation of hydrolase activity	GO:0051345	78	0.013
establishment of protein localization	GO:0045184	163	0.013	Worm
kidney epithelium development	GO:0072073	3	0.013
response to calcium ion	GO:0051592	1	0.013
cellular biogenic amine catabolic process	GO:0042402	1	0.013
regulation of response to external stimulus	GO:0032101	115	0.013
development of primary sexual characteristics	GO:0045137	50	0.013
renal system process	GO:0003014	12	0.013
multicellular organismal metabolic process	GO:0044236	1	0.012
epithelial to mesenchymal transition	GO:0001837	1	0.012
ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process	GO:0009199	119	0.012
intracellular transport	GO:0046907	228	0.012
dna metabolic process	GO:0006259	227	0.012
negative regulation of nervous system development	GO:0051961	92	0.012
cell cycle phase transition	GO:0044770	140	0.012
regulation of cellular protein metabolic process	GO:0032268	243	0.012
regulation of extracellular matrix organization	GO:1903053	4	0.012
ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process	GO:0009201	2	0.012
positive regulation of rna metabolic process	GO:0051254	271	0.012
regulation of mitotic cell cycle	GO:0007346	190	0.012
cellular component disassembly	GO:0022411	46	0.012
lymph gland development	GO:0048542	28	0.012
peripheral nervous system development	GO:0007422	52	0.012
positive regulation of response to stimulus	GO:0048584	323	0.012
cell cell adhesion mediated by integrin	GO:0033631	1	0.012
positive regulation of stem cell differentiation	GO:2000738	3	0.011
protein localization	GO:0008104	284	0.011	Worm
cardiac muscle cell development	GO:0055013	3	0.011
organic cyclic compound catabolic process	GO:1901361	168	0.011
gliogenesis	GO:0042063	80	0.011
monocarboxylic acid transport	GO:0015718	3	0.011
ribonucleoside catabolic process	GO:0042454	112	0.011
lateral inhibition	GO:0046331	206	0.011
actin mediated cell contraction	GO:0070252	21	0.011
regulation of cell division	GO:0051302	72	0.011
ventral cord development	GO:0007419	16	0.011
photoreceptor cell differentiation	GO:0046530	170	0.011
biological adhesion	GO:0022610	138	0.011
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	GO:0002244	1	0.011
morphogenesis of an epithelium	GO:0002009	276	0.011	Human Fly
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway	GO:0007169	116	0.011
maintenance of location	GO:0051235	73	0.011
negative regulation of gene expression epigenetic	GO:0045814	77	0.011
hormone metabolic process	GO:0042445	33	0.011
carbohydrate derivative metabolic process	GO:1901135	217	0.011
chromatin silencing	GO:0006342	76	0.011
negative regulation of cellular component organization	GO:0051129	108	0.011
regulation of apoptotic process	GO:0042981	130	0.011
positive regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine threonine kinase signaling pathway	GO:0090100	9	0.011
dna conformation change	GO:0071103	105	0.011
cardiac cell development	GO:0055006	3	0.011
single organism carbohydrate metabolic process	GO:0044723	72	0.011
nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process	GO:0009143	108	0.011
positive regulation of lipid metabolic process	GO:0045834	4	0.011
regulation of immune effector process	GO:0002697	52	0.011
positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process	GO:0010562	139	0.011
purine nucleoside metabolic process	GO:0042278	127	0.010
regulation of dna templated transcription elongation	GO:0032784	17	0.010
detection of stimulus	GO:0051606	156	0.010
regulation of gene expression epigenetic	GO:0040029	128	0.010
positive regulation of cell communication	GO:0010647	250	0.010
regulation of cell death	GO:0010941	173	0.010
lipid localization	GO:0010876	54	0.010
renal system development	GO:0072001	72	0.010	Human Mouse Fly
regulation of mapk cascade	GO:0043408	92	0.010
outflow tract morphogenesis	GO:0003151	4	0.010
cell cell junction organization	GO:0045216	55	0.010
protein oligomerization	GO:0051259	16	0.010
columnar cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation	GO:0002065	256	0.010

Cg25C disease predictions

Disease predictions are made from cross-annotation of human disease genes to the identified functional analogs in fly and predicted with the fly functional network.

Disease	DO term ID	Probability
disease of anatomical entity	DOID:7	0.487
musculoskeletal system disease	DOID:17	0.141
cardiovascular system disease	DOID:1287	0.085
muscle tissue disease	DOID:66	0.041
muscular disease	DOID:0080000	0.041
myopathy	DOID:423	0.034
cardiomyopathy	DOID:0050700	0.033
heart disease	DOID:114	0.033
intrinsic cardiomyopathy	DOID:0060036	0.027
nervous system disease	DOID:863	0.022
connective tissue disease	DOID:65	0.017
sensory system disease	DOID:0050155	0.017
dilated cardiomyopathy	DOID:12930	0.015

Loading network...

Network Filters

Minimum relationship confidence:

Maximum number of genes:

Highlight known relationships in gold.

Graphical Options

Adjust edge length:

Adjust node size:

Fixed layout

Black background

Low confidence color:

Med confidence color:

High confidence color:

Hide the legend in the network